گروه زبان انگلیسی دبیرستان آمنه

How To Learn New Vocabulary

     Step1 

       Start early. Don’t wait until the night before the test to start studying the                      words. Start studying as soon as you are given the vocabulary list and then you can review a little each day. Learning in small increments is much easier and you will retain much more if you study over a period of time. Repetition is the key to learning.

  Step 2

Make note cards for your vocabulary words. On one side, write the word, on the other, write the definition. For a more visual effect, draw or attach an image to help you remember the word. For example, if the word is “cherub,” attach a small clip-art image of a cherub next to the written word. Making the word-picture connection is one of the basic steps of learning new words. Some people are visual learners - they learn best by seeing something over and over.

    Step 3

Find a partner or helper. Ask someone to call out the words to you, and you answer with the definition. Or, have them ask the definition and you answer with the correct word. Some people are auditory learners – they remember things best when they hear them.

    Step 4

Write the words over and over on a chalkboard, dry erase board, or on paper. Use colored markers to make it fun for kids. Some people are kinesthetic learners – they learn and remember best by writing something again and again.

    Step 5

Use memory tricks. For example, let’s say that the words “synonym” and “antonym” are on the vocabulary list. A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to another word. An antonym is a word that has an opposite meaning. You can create a memory trick that the “S” in synonym means “same.” Another example are the words "stalagmite stalactite." Stalagmites are the cylindrical calcium deposits on the floor or GROUND of a cave, stalactites are the cylindrical calcium deposits hanging from the CEILING of a cave. You will see that stalagmites has a G in it - for GROUND, stalactites has a C in it - for ceiling. Memory tricks!

   Step 6

Understand Latin root words. Much of the English language is derived from Latin. Knowing Latin root words can help you figure out the meaning of a word. For example, the words recognize, cognitive, and incognito all come from the Latin word “cognoscere” which means “to know.” Recognize literally means “to know again,” cognitive means “the process of knowing,” and “incognito” means “to conceal identity, or unknown.” Learning Latin roots can really pay off when remembering the definitions of new words.

    Step 7

Create tests and play games. You can make up tests (for yourself or your child) with matching, fill in the blank, or multiple choice style questions. Use the flash cards creatively by spreading them out on a table and quizzing yourself. Again, repetition and practice is the key to fast learning.

    Step 8

Use the new words daily. Try to use the new words in your daily conversations, emails, or even in your thoughts. If you are helping your child learn, use the words when you are talking to them. Incorporating the new word into your daily vocabulary will make it stick in your mind.

English Pronunciation Tips

These English pronunciation tips will help you get the most out of your WordHacker program.

Tip 1
Do not confuse pronunciation of words with their spelling! For example, "threw" and "through", although spelled differently, are pronounced the same. Also, identical letters or letter clusters in words do not always produce the same sound. For example, the "ough" in "though" and "through" represents a different sound in each word. Learn to practise what you hear, not what you see.

Tip 2
Imagine a sound in your mind before you say it. Try to visualize the positioning of your mouth and face. Think about how you are going to make the sound.

Tip 3
Listen to and try to imitate each word in WordHacker. In addition to listening for specific sounds, pay attention to pauses, the intonation of the declaimer's voice and patterns of emphasis. This can be just as important as the pronunciation of sounds.

Tip 4
The English language has many different dialects, and words can be pronounced differently. It is important, however, that you pronounce words clearly to ensure effective communication.

Tip 5
Finally, the WordHacker program is a tool to help you. But you must practise What is good English pronunciation?

There are three levels of English pronunciation:

Level 1: People often don't understand what you want to say. You use the wrong sounds in English words.
Level 2: People understand what you want to say, but it is unpleasant to listen to you.
Level 3: People understand you, and your English is pleasant to listen to.

Level 3 will be called good pronunciation. Notice that good pronunciation is not "perfect American or British accent". You don't have to sound like the Queen of England or the President of the United States of America.

Why not? Because there are many regional kinds of English. In England, people from Newcastle speak English differently from people in London. In America, people from New York City, California, and Texas each have their own pronunciation. So it is no problem if you have your own accent.

But your accent must be close to the standards (American and British English). What does it mean? Turn on your TV and watch channels like CNN International, NBC, EuroNews, BBC, or Sky News. You will hear many different people (news anchors, reporters, etc.) from Germany, France, and other non-English-speaking countries. They all have good accents — easy to understand and pleasant.

The rule is: If you are close to the standard, you can always communicate, and your English will be pleasant. If you are far from the standard, sometimes you won't communicate successfully.

what you are learning! Remember that you are teaching your mouth a new way to move. You are building muscles that you do not use in your own language. It is like going to the gym and exercising your body. Use the program to exercise your mouth a little bit each day.

How to improve your vocabulary

Following are a few methods for expanding your vocabulary with words you will feel comfortable using. Try one or more of these at your convenience. The ones that seem most appealing will probably work best for you

 Make a list of subjects that fascinate you most. The more you enjoy a topic, the easier to learn about it. Now go to your local library and search for a dictionary of words specific to one of these topics. If you like Baseball you may find a dictionary of baseball words for example. Not every topic will have its own dictionary of relevant words but you? I be surprised how many do. Once you have found a dictionary for one of your favorite topics, thumb through it looking for words that you have never heard or words you have heard that you don? know the meanings of. The sheer joy of having found the words and their meanings will help them sink into your memory. Since they relate to a favorite topic, you will likely practice and use them regularly with all the commitment needed to make them a part of regular conversation

In different parts of the country people favor different words. Try picking up or subscribing to a newspaper from another part of the country. Or enlist a friend or relative from another area to join in on vocabulary improvement and offer to send them a copy of your heaviest big city newspaper in exchange for yours. Or go online and read such a newspaper on line for free

 To make learning easier and more productive, use flash cards in a new and more effective way to master several words at once. Instead of putting separate words on separate cards with separate meanings. Pick four words that all have the same or similar meanings and write them on one side with their meanings clearly identified on the other. Since you will be learning the same or very closely related word meanings for four words, you will be learning four words and one definition with slightly subtle changes. This brings it all together as one task in which you learn 4 times as much in about the same time

 Object words are easier because your are learning the definition of a word which is also a tangible item that you can picture in your mind. Go to a unique curio shop, specialty store or science or other obscure type of museum you have never been too before. Keep any brochures or other documentation that describes what you are seeing. Let the mental pictures drive the names of these items and their descriptions deep into your mind for recall later

 You learn much more by being humble than by being proud. Just as when driving you should be willing to stop and ask for directions, you shouldn't? be afraid to do some digging when there? a word you don? understand. Look it up or even have the courage to ask. Go on a word hunt. Write down what you didn't? understand and quickly. Hound that word and its meaning with your own research until you find it. The satisfaction of victory over your ignorance of that one word will bolster your confidence that you can learn many other words if you want to badly enough

      ترجمه سوره حمد به زبان  انگلیسی:

                                         THE OPENING                    

1. In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. به نام خداوند بخشنده مهربان

2. Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds; ستایش از آن خداوندیست که پرودگار جهانهاست

3. Most Gracious, Most Merciful; بخشاینده و مهربانست

4. Master of the Day of Judgment. مالک روز حساب است

5. Thee do we worship, and Thine aid we seek.تنها تو را می پرستیم و تنها از تو یاری می جوییم 

6. Show us the straight way,ما را به راه راست هدایت فرما 

7. The way of those on whom Thou hast bestowed Thy Grace, those whose (portion) is not wrath, and who go not astray  راه کسانی که به آنان نعمت بخشیدی:نه راه ظالمین و نه راه گمراهان    

How to Improve Your Grammar

  About Grammar

There are so many areas to study grammar: tenses, subject-verb agreement, prepositions, etc. You need to select one or two grammatical structures to start.

Steps for Studying Grammar

1. Test your grammar through the Oxford Grammar Test. Ask a CILL teacher for a copy of the test.
2. Ask the CILL teacher if you cannot analyse the test by yourself.
3. Having identified a difficult area of grammar select one of the materials listed on the back page.

4. Firstly, read and understand the rules for the grammatical structure. Make a brief note of the rules in your diary.
   
   
5. Next, complete one of the exercises. Refer to the rules while doing this and leave out any questions that you cannot answer.
6. Check your answers in the Answer Key at the back of the book or in the Teacher’s Book. Refer to the rules for any incorrect answers. Try to work out why your answer is wrong. If you don’t understand, check with a teacher.
7. Select a different type of exercise to practise the same grammatical Structure. Always refer back to the rules while working through the exercise.
8. Write down any sentences that clearly demonstrate the use of the grammatical structure.
9. Having gained an understanding of how the grammatical structure is used, refer to a reading text (book, magazine, newspaper) to find examples of the structure in a real piece of writing.
10. Revise the grammatical structure frequently for 1-2 weeks. Try to use it in a piece of writing and ask the CILL teacher for comments.

Tips for Checking Grammar

Always be aware of your weaknesses in grammar. You cannot improve unless you know where the problem lies.

Try to proof-read every piece of writing to check for grammatical errors.

If you are confused by a particular grammatical rule, ask a CILL teacher for help.

Materials

Books (on the Grammar shelf)

Explanation of rules + exercises:

• Essential Grammar in Use (EI) (I)
• Longman English Grammar Practice (I)

Explanation of rules + examples:

• An A-Z of English Grammar (I)
• Practical English Usage (I)

Photocopiable Grammar Worksheets:

• Elementary Grammar Worksheets (E)
• Intermediate Grammar Worksheets (I)
• Advanced Grammar Worksheets (UI)

Proof-reading & Editing:

• Focus on Editing (UI)

Specific areas of Grammar:

• Cobuilds Guide to: articles, determiners, prepositions, linking words

   http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/CiLL/pathways/improve_grammar.htm     :منبع

بشر در هيچ دوره‌اي اين چنين با حجم انبوهي از داده‌ها و اطلاعات مواجه نبوده است. سرگرداني انسان امروز، انتخابي مناسب از بين هزاران امكاني است كه عمر كوتاهش را بر نمي‌تابد و اين سرگرداني، در انتخاب روشي مناسب براي يادگيري يك زبان بين المللي با گستره توليد جهاني، صد چندان شده است. كتابها، فيلمهاي صوتي - تصويري، كلاسهاي آموزشي رسمي و غير رسمي، نرم افزارها و پهنه گسترده اينترنت در كارند تا امر فراگيري يك زبان خارجي تحقق يابد. آيا اشكال در بهره هوشي ما دانش آموزان و دانشجويان ايراني است كه با گذراندن بيش از ده سال از دوران راهنمائي تا دانشگاه هنوز نتوانسته‌ايم در حد قابل قبولي زبان بياموزيم؟ چرا ما دانش آموزان و دانشجويان ايراني با گذراندن بيش از ده سال، از دوران دبيرستان تا دانشگاه، هنوز نتوانسته‌ايم در حد قابل قبولي زبان بياموزيم. بدون شك اشكال در بهره هوشي و توانائي‌هاي ما نيست بلكه مشكل در روشها و تكنولوژي‌هایي است كه ما با استفاده از آنها زمان بزرگي از زندگي خويش را از دست داده‌ايم. عمده‌ترين دلايل نا‌كامي در فراگيري زبان در كشور ما بقرار زير است:

 ترس

ما هميشه زبان را درس مشكلي تصور مي كرديم كه بايد آنرا امتحان دهيم و بدين دليل هرگز فرصت استفاه از آنرا بصورتي نيافتيم كه از آن لذت ببريم.

 تكيه بر محيط مبتني بر متن

دنياي واقعي زبان، يك دنياي صوتي است. در حالي كه سيستم آموزشي ما، دنيايي مبتني بر متن بوده است و اين باعث مي‌شد كه مشكل تلفظ نيز بر مشكلات بيشمار ما افزوده شود. بدليل عدم زيستن در يك محيط واقعي صوتي با آن احساس بيگانگي مي‌كنيم. نتيجه اين سيستم آموزشي در آرماني ترين شرايط تربيت مترجم بود، نه كسي كه با زبان بتواند ارتباط برقرار كند.

 تكيه بر گرامر

كاش ما زبان را با روش كودكان ياد مي‌گرفتيم كه كمترين اهميتي براي دستورات پيچيده زبان نمي‌دهند. راستي ما، خود چقدر با گرامر زبان مادري خود آشنا هستيم؟ دستوات گرامري در تمامي زبانها يك موضوع كاملاً تخصصي و انتزاعي از زبان است و اگر نه اينست، پس اينهمه رشته‌هاي دانشگاهي سطح بالا در رابطه با دستور زبان چه معني مي‌دهند؟ حرف زدن با رعايت دستورات گرامري زباني پر از استثناء، مانند انگليسي، تقريباً غير ممكن است.

 تأكيد بر يادگيري لغات

آموزش ما، حفظ كردن فرهنگهاي لغت بود، هر معلمي براي خود ديكشنري كوچكي مي‌ساخت كه مجبور به حفظ آن بوديم. و متأسفانه هنوز هم كار به همين منوال است. در يك فرهنگ انگليسي نگاهي به لغت GET يا TAKE بيندازيد. دو صفحه معني مختلف و گاه متضاد براي يك لغت، سردرگمي آدمي را در آموزش صد چندان مي‌كند. فرق عمده زبان انگليسي با زبان فارسي در اين است كه لغات در زبان انگليسي عمدتاً وقتي معنی واقعي دارند كه در كنار ساير لغات قرار مي‌گيرند. مثلاً لغت Take معني واضحي ندارد، در حالي كه معني عبارت Take off كاملا مشخص است.

 اهميت دادن به امر خواندن

در هر زباني چهار عنصر عمده خواندن، نوشتن، صحبت كردن و گوش دادن وجود دارد. آنچه در سيستم آموزش رسمي ما بيش از همه به آن پرداخته شده است امر خواندن مي‌باشد. در برخي از كلاسهاي غير رسمي نيز صحبت از هم زماني چهار عنصر رفته است. اما وقتي ما در محيط واقعي زبان قرار مي‌گيريم در مي‌يابيم كه اگر هدف فراگيري زبان باشد، عنصر خواندن و نوشتن اهميت درجه چندم دارند، به اين دليل ساده كه در تمامي زبانها افراد بي سواد آن جامعه نيز قادر با تكلم زبان مادري خود هستند.

منبع: www.okhdar.com
 

دانشجويان براي ورود به دنياي جديد ، برقراري ارتباط با مراکز علمي - تحقيقاتي و دستيابي به نو آوري ها ومنابع مختلف علمي ، به علت عدم تسلط به زبان خارجي با دغدغه هاي مهم روبرو مي شوند . با اينکه گرايش به آموزش زبان انگليسي در ميان دانشجويان و دانش آموزان روز به روز در حال افزايش است اما اين گرايش تا کنون خلا هاي صنعت اموزش زبان انگليسي را پر نکر ده است .
هر چند که آموزش زبان انگليسي ، يک اولويت مهم براي دانشگاه ها تلقي مي شود .
اما در  را ه هاي آموزش مشکلاتي است که همچنان پا بر جاست چرا که آوزش به شيوه هاي گذشته و سنتي در مراکز آموزشي اجرا مي شود .
در ايران ميليار د ها ريال بودجه براي آموزش زبان انگليسي دانشجويان و دانش آموزان صرف مي شود اما صر ف از اينکه رضايت فراگيران را به خود جلب کند ، چرا که شيوه هاي موجود شرايط مخاطب را در نظر نمي گيرد چون فراگير در يک محيط کاملا متفاوت بسر مي برد پس خود محيط زندگي فرد هم مي تواند نقش هاي مهمي را در آموزش زبان ايفا کند .
آموزش زبان انگليسي در مراکز آموزشي بيشتر يک طرفه است به طوري که آموزش دهنده فعال و يادگيرنده غير فعال است و گفت و گويي که بايد بين اين دو صورت بگيرد عملي نمي شود .
آموزش دهنده سعي نمي کند فراگير را به گونه اي با مساله در گير نمايد و سعي در انتقال مطالب از سوي اوست صرف از آنکه طرف مقابل اين موضوع را ياد گرفته باشد يانه ؟
تعداد فراگيران آموزش زبان در کلاس هاي درس بيشتر است در اين صورت فرصت معلم براي مطالعه فعال با فراگير ميسرنمي شود .
و اين کاهش فعاليت مستمر دو طرفه باعث مي گردد دانشجو در يادگيري زبان انگليسي با مشکل روبرو شود .
مطالب ياد گرفته شده در سر کلاس درس با مسائل و رويداد هاي محيط همخواني ندارد و خود دانشجو سعي نمي کند مطالب کلاس را به گونه اي با مسائل و مشکلات جاري پيوند دهد . عدم پيوند اين دو باعث افت آموزش در سر کلاس درس مي شود .
دانشجويان و دانش آموزان کمتر به منابع خارج مراجعه مي کنند و ارتباط آنها با منابع فارسي بيشتر است .
ارتباط دانشجويان با شبکه هاي ماهواره اي ، اخبار و روزنامه هاي انگليسي زبان که مي تواند سبب تقويت و رشد آنها در اين زمينه باشد بسيار محدود و در مناطق محروم بسيار اندک است .
آموزش زبان  به شيوه زبان مادري ، دستور زبان و شناخت حروف آموزش داده نمي شود در صورتيکه اجراي شيوه شناخت کلاس ها و جملات موفق تر به نظر مي رسد .
براي يادگيري بهتر زبان انگليسي با ظرفيت کلاس ها را به حداقل رساند تا فرصت مکالمه بين استاد و دانشجو  بيشتر فراهم شود .
به هر نحو ممکن بايد امکان ارتباط با گفت و گو بين دانشجويان ايراني و خارجي را فراهم آورد .
بر گزاري برنامه هاي شاد و مفرح در هنگام آموزش زبان مي تواند به عميق شدن فراگيري دانشجويان ياري نمود .
 درس ها و کتب غير ضروري بايد از نظام آموزشي حذف و به جاي آن دروس زبان انگليسي جايگزين نمود. 
 

بر گرفته از سایت

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